China to Pass Ethnic Unity Law Prioritising Mandarin Language Use

China is preparing to pass a new law focused on ethnic unity while prioritising the use of Mandarin language across the country, a move that has raised debate among scholars and rights groups about its potential impact on minority languages and cultural identity.

The proposed legislation, called the Law on Promoting Ethnic Unity and Progress, is expected to be approved by the National People’s Congress during its annual session.

The law aims to strengthen cohesion among China’s ethnic minority groups while reinforcing Mandarin as the primary language used in education, public administration and social communication.

• China plans ethnic unity law prioritising Mandarin nationwide
• Proposed legislation sparks debate over minority languages
• Beijing says policy will strengthen national cohesion

Under the proposed framework, Mandarin will be prioritised in schools and official communication channels. The legislation also states that minority languages and cultural traditions will continue to receive legal protection. Chinese authorities say the measure will improve communication across regions and help integrate communities within the country’s diverse population.

The law reflects Chinese President Xi Jinping’s broader policy emphasis on building a stronger national identity and promoting closer ties among ethnic groups under the leadership of the Communist Party. Provisions in the legislation encourage interaction among communities through policies related to housing, education, labour mobility and cultural exchange.

However, critics argue the law could accelerate assimilation of minority communities, particularly in regions such as Xinjiang, Tibet and Inner Mongolia. Researchers and human rights advocates say prioritising Mandarin in education and public life may gradually reduce the role of minority languages and weaken cultural traditions over time.

Some sections of the proposed legislation also address national security concerns and actions considered harmful to ethnic unity. The draft states that individuals or organisations that undermine ethnic solidarity or promote separatism could face legal consequences under existing Chinese laws.

Chinese officials say the policy supports equality and development for all ethnic groups and aims to strengthen social cohesion. They argue that wider use of Mandarin can expand economic opportunities, improve access to education and support national development.

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If passed as expected, the legislation will formalise China’s approach to ethnic policy, language use and social integration. The law is likely to influence education systems, cultural preservation efforts and relations among ethnic groups across the country in the coming years.